Obesity as a Risk Factor for Primary Spontaneous Rhinoliquorrhea
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether obesity is a potential risk factor of primary spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea (CSFR). DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: University hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The clinical data of 79 patients diagnosed with CSFR who had been treated at our hospital between 1991 and 2001 were assessed. The data of 61 (77%) of 79 cases were complete and could be used for this study. Patients were segregated according to the cause of their CSFR: 21 (34%) due to head trauma, 14 (23%) due to previous surgery, 7 (11%) due to congenital malformation, and 2 (3%) due to tumor adjacent to the anterior cranial fossa. Of the 61 subjects, 17 (28%) had CSFR without any detectable reason. This group was therefore designated as primary spontaneous CSFR. The body mass indexes (BMIs) of all patients were compared and statistically evaluated. RESULTS: The mean BMI (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters) of the 17 patients with primary spontaneous CSFR was 34.87, which was significantly higher (P<.001) than the mean BMI of the other 44 patients (28.53). The mean BMI of the group of patients with CSFR due to previous surgery or trauma was significantly lower than the BMI of the group with primary spontaneous CSFR (P<.003), whereas in relation to the group afflicted with tumors and malformations, only a tendency (P<.28) was found. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that obese patients are at an increased risk to develop primary spontaneous CSFR.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".