PARTICULATE DIMETHYLSULFOXIDE IN ARCTIC SEA‐ICE ALGAL COMMUNITIES: THE CRYOPROTECTANT HYPOTHESIS REVISITED
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The particulate‐phase concentrations of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSOp) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSPp) in sea‐ice algal communities from the North Water, northern Baffin Bay, were examined from April to June 1998. The concentrations of these compounds were measured in the bottom 2 cm of the ice at 36 locations throughout this region and are compared with results from water‐column samples collected for a complementary study. In general, levels of DMSPp (8.66–987 nmol·L−1, average 126 nmol·L−1) in sea‐ice algal communities were slightly less than those found in bottom sea‐ice algal communities from other polar locations but greater than those found in phytoplankton in other polar environments or at more temperate latitudes. Furthermore, DMSPp :chl a ratios (0.02–14.8 nmol·μg−1, average 1.91 nmol·μg−1) in the sea‐ice algal community were slightly less than those found in other polar environments. DMSOp was measured for the first time in sea‐ice algal communities. DMSOp concentrations varied from 1.35 to 102 nmol·L−1 (average 13.7 nmol·L−1). DMSOp:chl a ratios varied from 0.01 to 4.5 nmol·μg−1 (average 0.22 nmol·μg−1) and were significantly lower than the DMSPp:chl a ratios observed in this study. It has been hypothesized that DMSO can act as a cryoprotector in phytoplankton cells. However, the low concentrations of DMSO observed in the ice algae during this study indicate that intracellular concentrations of DMSO are unlikely to have a significant influence on the freezing point depression of intracellular fluids.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".