The Mansouri–Sexl formalism for the Michelson–Morley experiment in nonvacuum media
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the present paper, we construct the complete Mansouri–Sexl formalism for the Michelson–Morley and Kennedy–Thorndike experiments executed in a refractive medium by extending their previous formalism derived for vacuum-based experiments. This is an important step since we will show that the experiments executed in a refractive medium give new possibilities for testing for Lorentz violations. In a previous paper, we developed the correct nonparametric treatment under the framework of special relativity, so no violation testing was possible. On the other hand, a parameterized theory, like that of Mansouri–Sexl is the standard way of testing for Lorentz symmetry violations. While other parameterized theories, like the Standard Model extension (SME) emerged in the late 1990s The Mansouri–Sexl formalism is still very much employed in experiments due to its relative simplicity and its lower number of parameters (three) versus the 19 parameters used in SME. This is why we are undertaking the novel step of constructing the corresponding Mansouri–Sexl formalism. Yet another novel attempt is to describe an unprecedented variation of the Kennedy–Thorndike experiment employing different refractive media for the interferometer arms. We will also demonstrate the advantages of deferring the expansion of the Mansouri–Sexl parameters a, b, and d as long as possible, thus obtaining a higher level of precision in deriving the violations.PACS No.: 03.30.+p
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".