Electrophysiological Dysfunction in the Peripheral Nervous System Following Spinal Cord Injury
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate peripheral nervous system function after chronic spinal cord injury (SCI). DESIGN: Case series. SETTING: Academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS: Sixteen subjects (13 men, 3 women) with complete thoracic or cervical level SCI of 3-32 years' duration since injury. METHODS: Clinical electrophysiology of the lower extremities. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Compound motor action potentials (CMAP), sensory nerve action potentials, repetitive nerve stimulation, concentric needle electromyography (EMG), stimulated single-fiber EMG. RESULTS: Subject ages ranged from 20 to 71 years with a mean (SD) of 42 ± 15 years. The average time since injury was 11 ± 8 years (range, 3-32 years). Sural sensory nerve action potentials were elicited in only 4 of 16 subjects (25%), and peroneal CMAPs were elicited in 7 of 16 subjects (44%). All of the subjects had spontaneous activity (fibrillation and/or sharp potentials) in at least 1 of 4 tested muscles. Eighty-one percent of subjects demonstrated spontaneous activity in 3 of the 4 tested muscles. Peroneal motor repetitive nerve stimulation was within normal limits for 7 subjects but could not be performed in the other 9 subjects because of the absence of CMAPs. Stimulated single-fiber EMG was elicited in the tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum brevis, vastus lateralis, or vastus medialis muscles of 8 of 16 subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of spontaneous activity demonstrates that denervation of the skeletal muscles served by motor neurons below the level of the lesion occurs in individuals with chronic complete SCI. The electrophysiological testing revealed the striking absence of sensory and motor nerve conduction and aberrant neuromuscular junction transmission. It is important to understand the mechanisms that underlie the profound reduction of the functional integrity of the peripheral nervous system to maximize the restoration of movement, particularly should descending neural control be reestablished by a future therapy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".