MITOCHONDRIAL PHYLOGEOGRAPHY AND CONSERVATION GENETICS OF WOLVERINE (GULO GULO) OF NORTHWESTERN NORTH AMERICA
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Anthropogenic impacts such as habitat conversion and fragmentation, in combination .with predator control and fur trapping, are responsible for substantial reductions in the ranges of many carnivores worldwide. The wolverine (Gulo gulo) is classified as vulnerable throughout the Holarctic Region by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, is designated as endangered in eastern Canada, and has been petitioned twice for listing with the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. We examined genetic structure across populations in northwestern North America by using mtDNA sequences of the left domain of control region and the complete cytochrome-b gene (Cytb). Nucleotide diversity (π) and sequence divergence among haplotypes were low for both markers, whereas haplotype diversity (h) was generally high. Genetic divergence (Fst) values were significant, and high for control region (0.21), and moderate to high for Cytb (0.16). Globally, Eurasian and Scandinavian wolverines were distinguishable from North American. Within North America, the Kenai Peninsula, southeastern Alaska, and Nunavut populations were distinctive. Comparisons with studies based on nuclear markers reveal greater geographic structure in these maternally inherited mitochondrial markers, a finding consistent with male-biased dispersal in wolverines. Conservation plans for these medium-sized carnivores should emphasize maintenance of genetic diversity and recognize that successful dispersal of females between populations may be limited.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".