Systematics of disjunct northeastern Asian and northern North American<i>Allium</i>(Amaryllidaceae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study was undertaken to better understand Allium infrageneric taxonomy, character evolution, species diversification, and patterns of radiation in disjunct species between the New and Old World using morphological and molecular data. Taxonomic sampling focused on northeastern Asian (mainly Korean and northeastern Chinese) and representative disjunct northern North American (Canadian) species. Pistil and seed testa morphology was investigated using light and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. These characters were useful to assess degree of relationship at different taxonomic levels in Allium. Phylogenetic studies included nrDNA ITS and cpDNA trnL–trnF sequence data analyzed using maximum parsimony approaches. Our molecular phylogeny recovers a similar topology to that published in recent studies and confirms three major evolutionary lines and patterns of radiation regarding the ancestors of subgenera Amerallium and Anguinum in the genus. The northeastern Asian and northern North American disjunction in this genus is inferred to be the result of multiple intercontinental migrations. Seed testa sculpture attributes in combination with seed shape provide key characters to distinguish Allium’s major clades in the molecular phylogeny. The two types of ovarian processes, basal hood-like and apical crest-like in disjunct Old and New World species, respectively, are newly derived characters in each continent. Most infrageneric Allium groups are monophyletic, while subgenus Cepa is polyphyletic.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".