CHANGES IN NUMBERS OF WINTERING AMERICAN BLACK DUCKS AND MALLARDS IN URBAN CAPE BRETON ISLAND, NOVA SCOTIA
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We studied wintering populations of Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus) and American Black Ducks (A. rubripes Brewster) in urban parks in the industrial area of Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia during December 1992 and January 1993 and during February and March, 1999–2002. Wintering flocks of Mallards and American Black Ducks have been fed in these parks for more than 30 years. We found that the numbers of American Black Ducks and Mallards have remained relatively stable for the last four years. No evidence exists that the population of Mallards was increasing nor that the population of American Black Ducks was decreasing. Numbers of ducks have fluctuated yearly, but numbers of these species have fluctuated synchronously. We conclude that numbers of American Black Ducks are not declining and are not being replaced by Mallards on Cape Breton Island. Furthermore, no evidence exists of genetic swamping because the proportion of hybrids in the local wintering population did not change.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".