The validity of tympanic and exhaled breath temperatures for core temperature measurement
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We examined the efficacy of tympanic (T(ty)) and exhaled breath (T(X)) temperatures as indices of rectal temperature (T(re)) by applying heat (condition A) and cold (condition B) in a dynamic A-B-A-B sequence. Fifteen healthy adults (8 men; 7 women; 24.9 +/- 4.6 years) volunteered. Following a 15 min baseline period, participants entered a water tank maintained at 42 degrees C water temperature and passively rested until their T(re) increased by 0.5 degrees C above baseline. Thereafter, they entered a different water tank maintained at 12 degrees C water temperature until their T(re) decreased by 0.5 degrees C below baseline. This procedure was repeated twice (i.e. A-B-A-B). T(ty) demonstrated moderate response delays to the repetitive changes in thermal balance, whereas T(X) and T(re) responded relatively fast. Both T(ty) and T(X) correlated significantly with T(re) (P < 0.05). Linear regression models were used to predict T(re) based on T(ty) and T(X). The predicted values from both models correlated significantly with T(re) (P < 0.05) and followed the changes in T(re) during the A-B-A-B thermal protocol. While some mean differences with T(re) were observed (P < 0.05), the 95% limits of agreement were acceptable for both models. It is concluded that the calculated models based on tympanic and exhaled breath temperature are valid indicators of core temperature.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".