Relationship between age, size, and reproduction in populations of American ginseng, <i>Panax quinquefolius</i> (Araliaceae), across a range of harvest pressures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Size-selective harvest occurs not only in some animal species in the wild, but in some plant species. Panax quinquefolius, a perennial plant of eastern North America, is one such species. As harvest of this species is fatal, there is potential for evolutionary change if selected traits are heritable. In this study, we compared traits potentially affected by selection among 12 populations with different harvest pressures. We used the recovery pattern of an experimentally harvested population to develop an index of harvest pressure: the proportion of seedlings and juveniles. Age was related to leaf area, sympodium (stem) height, and reproduction in populations across a range of harvest indices (HI = 0.4122–0.9583). We detected variation among populations with different harvest indices in the age-leaf area relationship in 2006. A 10-y-old plant would have 30% less leaf area in a population with high harvest pressure (HI = 0.9) than in a population with low harvest pressure (HI = 0.4). Similar results were observed with sympodium height in 2005 and 2006. Reproductive plants in populations with higher harvest indices had reduced seed set, likely due to Allee effects. A separate, related study showed that leaf area differences were maintained among plants from 8 populations 4 to 5 y after transplantation to a common environment. Reduced growth rates in populations with higher harvest pressure may be the outcome of appearance-mediated selection.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".