Solid‐State Synthesis of 70 nm Li <sub>4</sub> Ti <sub>5</sub> O <sub>12</sub> Particles by Mechanically Activating Intermediates with Amino Acids
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A novel synthetic method of fine particles of highly pure Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 with the smallest possible particle size was proposed. A stoichiometric mixture of CH 3 COOLi·2H 2 O and anatase fine particles of ca. 50 nm was calcined at 773 K to obtain an intermediate, comprising Li 2 TiO 3 and unreacted titania. The intermediate was then intensively milled by a planetary ball mill for 1 h. After adding an amino acid, glycine, alanine (ALA), or l ‐phenylalanine (PHE), the mixture was further milled under a milder condition for another 3 h and subjected to a second calcination at 973 K for 1 h to obtain Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 with a phase purity above 97%. When we used ALA or PHE as an additive, the microscopically determined average particle size of Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 was 70±10 nm. The mechanisms and significance of the present two‐step calcination with mechanical activation and addition of an amino acid to the intermediate were discussed in terms of the topotactic nature of transformation between the two layer‐structured species: Li 2 TiO 3 and Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".