Waveform parameters of fields generated by lightning strokes to the CN tower and to objects in its vicinity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Since 1991, broadband, high-resolution measurement systems have simultaneously captured the lightning current derivative at the CN tower and the corresponding lightning-generated electric and magnetic fields 2 km north of the tower. Extensive cumulative statistics of waveform parameters (peak, 10% to 90% risetime to peak and pulse width at the 50% level of the peak) of electric and magnetic field signals, generated by lightning return-strokes to the CN Tower during the past eleven years (1992-2002), have been derived and are presented in this paper. Furthermore, waveform parameters of electric fields radiated from lightning strikes to the CN Tower and to other objects in its vicinity are compared. It is shown that the risk from electromagnetic interference (EMI) due to the lightning-generated electromagnetic pulse (LEMP) is substantially elevated near a tall structure. The presented statistical results will assist in the establishment of more sophisticated protective measures against interference due to lightning-generated electromagnetic pulses, especially those generated from lightning occurring at tall structures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".