Ground impedance measurement and interpretation in various soil structures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper discusses ground impedance measurement and interpretation using the fall-of-potential method in various soil structures. The soil structures considered include horizontally layered soils. Vertically layered soils, cylindrically layered soils, spherically layered soils, and soils with finite volumes made of different resistivity materials. The results show that applying the uniform soil based 61.8% percent rule to obtain the true ground impedance may lead to wrong values. The measurement error based on the 61.8%, rule ranges from 8% in a spherically layered soil to as much as 44% in some vertical soil models. The results in this paper offer guidance in ground impedance measurement and interpretation when a variety of fall-of-potential curves may be encountered due to different soil structures. This paper demonstrates the necessity of soil resistivity measurements in order to accurately interpret the fall-of-potential measurements.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".