The Application of an Airborne Electromagnetic System in Groundwater Resource and Salinization Studies in Jilin, China
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Airborne electromagnetic (AEM) systems were first developed in the early 1950's in Canada and Scandinavia. AEM systems have been applied in mineral exploration, geological mapping, geohydrological investigation and environmental monitoring in China since the 1980's. A dual-frequency AEM system (463 Hz, 1,563 Hz) which was developed by IGGE in the early 1980's has surveyed more than 160,000 line-km. A new three-frequency AEM system was also developed by IGGE in 1999. In 2001, a survey was conducted in Qian'an, Jilin Province, using the new AEM system. The purpose of this survey was to delineate salinization, to determine the freshwater/saltwater interface and to explore the freshwater resource for catchment management such as drinking, agriculture, stock raising and wetland protection. The main purpose was achieved by this survey. For the salinization study, the upper frequency AEM data were used. By comparing the apparent resistivities calculated from the AEM data with the geohydrological data, the areas and intensity of salinization were identified. For the freshwater resource study, lower and middle frequency AEM data were applied. Two zones of fresh ground-water were determined within the achievable exploration depth (about 100 m) of the AEM system.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".