<i>Aspergillus</i> galactose metabolism is more complex than that of <i>Saccharomyces</i>: the story of GalD<sup>GAL7</sup> and GalE<sup>GAL1</sup>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen GAL1 (galactokinase) generates galactose-1-phosphate; GAL7 (galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase) transfers UDP between galactose or glucose and their respective sugar-1-phosphate conjugates, and both are essential on galactose. Aspergillus nidulans ANID_04957 has 41% amino acid sequence identity with GAL1; ANID_06182 has 50% sequence identity with GAL7. The names Aspergillus nidulans GalE (galactokinase) and GalD (galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase) are consistent with prior studies. Complemented galDΔ:ScGAL7 and galEΔ:ScGAL1 strains had wild-type phenotype, demonstrating functional homology. The galD5 and galE9 alleles were truncated. Strains galDΔ and galD5 were impaired on minimal medium containing 1% galactose (MM-Gal) at pH 7.5 and did not grow on MM-Gal pH 4.5. Strains galEΔ and galE9 grew on MM-Gal at both pH levels. Strains galDΔ and galEΔ produced wild-type conidiophores on minimal medium containing 1% glucose (MM-Glu) but few spores; for both, sporulation was lower on MM-Gal pH 7.5. GalD-GFP (green fluorescent protein) and GalE-GFP were cytosolic and upregulated on MM-Gal, consistent with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Galactofuranose immunolocalization in galDΔ resembled wild type on MM-Glu but was reduced on MM-Gal. The galEΔ strains had immunolocalizable Galf on all these media. Strains galDΔ and galEΔ were more sensitive to calcofluor, caspofungin, and itraconazole on MM-Gal. Neither galD nor galE is essential on galactose at high pH, implying additional routes for galactose metabolism in Aspergillus. Aspergillus galactose metabolism is more complex than that of S. cerevisiae.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".