Complementary, Holistic, and Integrative Medicine
Bibliographic record
Abstract
1. Cecilia Bukutu, PhD* 2. Christopher Le, BSc* 3. Sunita Vohra, MD, FRCPC, MSc* 1. *Complementary and Alternative Research and Education (CARE) Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. On behalf of the American Academy of Pediatrics’ Section on Complementary and Integrative Medicine Caused by a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract, the “common cold” has no known cure and is responsible for considerable illness, including symptoms such as runny nose, nasal congestion, and cough; visits to the doctor; absenteeism from school and work; and economic loss. (1) Therefore, alternative treatments, including the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), are of substantial interest to patients seeking symptomatic relief. This review examines popular CAM therapies used to alleviate symptoms of the common cold in children. It is limited to the following modalities: natural health products, hydrotherapy, and mind-body interventions. Natural health products (which include herbals, vitamins, minerals, probiotics, homeopathic remedies, and traditional medicines) are used widely for the prevention, treatment, and relief of various conditions, as well as for the promotion of personal well-being. ### Echinacea Commercially available echinacea ( Echinacea purpurea ) preparations vary by type (species), plant part (root, herb, or both), and method of manufacture. (2) Linde and associates (3) reviewed 19 clinical trials examining the effectiveness of different echinacea preparations for preventing (n=3) and treating (n=16) the common cold in adults and children. Echinacea had no effect in preventing the common cold, but in 9 of 16 treatment trials, it had a significant effect compared with the control in reducing cold symptoms in adults, although evidence regarding efficacy in children was unclear. (3) Two studies have investigated the efficacy and safety of echinacea in the prevention and treatment of colds in pediatric patients. The first was an Israeli randomized controlled trial (RCT) in which 430 children (ages 1 to 5 years) received an herbal preparation containing 50 mg/mL of echinacea, 50 mg/mL of propolis (a natural resin created by bees), and 10 mg/mL of vitamin C or placebo over a 12-week period during the winter. (4) Children in the intervention …
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.015 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".