A Comparison of Commercial and Experimental Ultrafiltration Membranes via Surface Property Analysis and Fouling Tests
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Surface modified polyethersulfone (PES) membranes via the addition of different hydrophiLic Surface Modifying Macromolecules (LSMMs) have been developed by Matsuura, Narbaitz and co-workers. This study compares the performance of the best PES-LSMM membrane with nine commercial ultrafiltration membranes manufactured using five different types of base polymers (polyethersulfone, polysulfone, celluloseacetate, polyacrylonitrile and cellulose) in the same range of molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) (from 40 to 120 kDal). All membranes were characterized by using atomic force microscopy, contact angle measurements, solute transport analysis and then evaluated through fouling tests with Ottawa River water (ORW). While PES-LSMM membranes had much lower initial flux than the commercial membranes, they had the highest total organic carbon (TOC) rejection (80%) and the lowest flux reduction (62%). For the commercial membranes, the range of TOC rejections and flux reductions were 62 to 80% and 68 to 80%, respectively. Given their high TOC rejection and relatively high foulant deposition, fouling of the PES-LSMM membranes appears to be controlled by a surface gel.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it