Liraglutide Promotes Natriuresis but Does Not Increase Circulating Levels of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide in Hypertensive Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists induce natriuresis and reduce blood pressure (BP) through incompletely understood mechanisms. We examined the effects of acute and 21-day administration of liraglutide on plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), urinary sodium excretion, office and 24-h BP, and heart rate (HR). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Liraglutide or placebo was administered for 3 weeks to hypertensive subjects with type 2 diabetes in a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover clinical trial in the ambulatory setting. End points included within-subject change from baseline in plasma ANP, Nt-proBNP, office BP, and HR at baseline and over 4 h following a single dose of liraglutide (0.6 mg) and after 21 days of liraglutide (titrated to 1.8 mg) versus placebo administration. Simultaneous 24-h ambulatory BP and HR monitoring and 24-h urine collections were measured at baseline and following 21 days of treatment. RESULTS: Plasma ANP levels did not change significantly after acute (+16.72 pg/mL, P = 0.24, 95% CI [-12.1, +45.5] at 2 h) or chronic (-17.42 pg/mL, 95% CI [-36.0, +1.21] at 2 h) liraglutide administration. Liraglutide significantly increased 24-h and nighttime urinary sodium excretion; however, 24-h systolic BP was not significantly different. Small but significant increases in 24-h and nighttime diastolic BP and HR were observed with liraglutide. Body weight, HbA1c, and cholesterol were lower, and office-measured HR was transiently increased (for up to 4 h) with liraglutide administration. CONCLUSIONS: Sustained liraglutide administration for 3 weeks increases urinary sodium excretion independent of changes in ANP or BP in overweight and obese hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".