Immediate and Sustained Effects of Parenting on Physical Aggression in Canadian Children Aged 6 Years and Younger
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the effects of factors associated with the development of childhood (aged 6 years or younger) physical aggression were immediate (cross-sectional), sustained (longitudinal), or both. METHODS: A longitudinal subsample (n = 975) of children born between December 1994 and April 1995 was drawn from the Canadian National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth and followed from birth to 6 years of age. Using random- and fixed-effects logistic panel regression models, child (sex and preterm birth), maternal (education, employment, and positive or hostile/ineffective parenting), and family (lone-parent, older and younger siblings, and income) indicators were regressed on childhood physical aggression. RESULTS: Hostile/ineffective parenting contributed significantly to explaining the variance in aggression. At each measurement time point (birth, 2, 4, and 6 years of age), a change in hostile/ineffective parenting had an effect on aggression, and this effect carried forward across time up to 6 years. Being a boy, having a mother with less education, and living in a lone-parent family with siblings also contributed significantly to aggression. Preterm birth, maternal employment, depressive symptoms, positive interaction, and income failed to contribute significantly to aggression. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the hypothesis that hostile/ineffective parenting has an immediate effect on aggression. Contrary to predictions that it would have an immediate effect only at the time it was occurring, hostile/ineffective parenting had a sustained effect on aggression that carried forward in time up to 6 years of age. The results suggest that hostile/ineffective parenting has an effect on aggression prior to any evidence of aggressive behaviour in the child.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".