Regulated expression of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptors and associated proteins in teleost electrosensory system and telencephalon
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Several types of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity are characterized by differences in polarity, induction parameters, and duration, which depend on the interactions of NMDARs with intracellular synaptic and signaling proteins. Here, we examine the NMDAR signaling components in the brain of the weakly electric fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus. Compared with mammalian orthologs, high levels of sequence conservation for known functional sites in both NMDAR subunits (NR1, NR2A-C) and signaling proteins (fyn tyrosine kinase, RasGRF-1 and -2) were found. In situ hybridization analysis demonstrated that, similar to the case in the adult mammal brain, NR2A and NR2B are expressed at moderate levels in most brain regions and at very high levels in the dorsal telencephalon. RasGRF-1 and fyn have a similar distribution and appear to be coexpressed with NR2B in telencephalic regions known to support learning and long-term memory. Both NR2A and NR2B are highly expressed in pyramidal cells of the electrosensory lateral line lobe (ELL) known to exhibit the short-term synaptic plasticity that underlies adaptive feedback cancellation of redundant sensory input. In contrast, nonplastic pyramidal cells expressed only the NR2A subunit. Furthermore, field recordings show that ifenprodil-sensitive NR2B-containing NMDARs predominate for the plastic feedback input to ELL pyramidal cells. However, RasGRF-1 and fyn are expressed only at low levels in a subset of these pyramidal cells. Our data suggest that NMDAR functions are highly conserved between fish and mammals and that synaptic plasticity dynamics in different brain regions are related to the expression patterns of the synaptic signaling proteins interacting with NMDARs.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".