Clastogenic and Cytotoxic Effects of Four Pesticides Used to Control Insect Pests of Stored Products on Root Meristems of Allium cepa
Bibliographic record
Abstract
While the use of pesticides of stored product has increased productivity in agriculture, there is concern about their use because some are mutagens and/or carcinogens, harm non-target organisms or cause pest resistance. In this study Grain Treat (GT) (Mercaptothion, 10 g kg-1, Permethrin 1.5 g kg-1); QuickPhos (QP) (Aluminium Phosphide, 560 g kg-1); Nuvan Profi (NP) (Dichlorvos, 124 g kg-1) and Eriocephalus punctulatus plant smoke condensate (EPSC) were evaluated for cytotoxicity and the induction of genotoxicity in the onion (Allium cepa) test. Onion seeds were germinated and exposed to pesticides (mg ml-1), GT (12.5, 25, 50); QP (0.75, 1.5, 3.0); NP (0.064, 0.128, 0.256); EPSC (0.0025, 0.0049, 0.0098) for 24 hours. For each concentration, three root tips were transferred to three microscope slides, stained with aceto-carmine, covered with cover slip, squashed and observed microscopically. The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity induced by each pesticide concentration was compared with the value for the concomitant negative control using t-test. Only QP (3.0 mg mL-1) and NP (0.256 mg mL-1) significantly depressed the MI, i.e. cytotoxic (P < 0.05). Genotoxicity was determined by examining, 100 anaphase and telophase cells on each of three slides per concentration for chromosome aberration (CA). The three concentrations of each pesticide induced CAs (P < 0.05) in the following general order of frequency; stickiness > multipolarity > c-mitosis > anaphase and telophase bridges > chromosome Largards. The induction of sticky chromosomes indicated that the pesticides caused abnormal DNA condensation, abnormal chromosome coiling and inactivated the spindles. Because abnormalities of the cell division process results from the genotoxic effects of environmental chemicals, the four pesticides have the potential to cause aneuploidy in exposed organisms and adverse human health and environmental effects.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".