The influence of pH and temperature changes on the adsorption behavior of organophilic clays used in the stabilization/solidification of hazardous wastes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The effect of temperature, pH, and Na+/Ca2+ concentration on the adsorptive behavior of organophilic clay used in the solidification/stabilization of hazardous wastes was addressed. The organophilic clay used was montmorillonite type clay modified by cation exchange with a mixed tallow amine as the sorbent. The contaminants used in this work were phenol, 2-chlorophenol, aniline, and chlorobenzene. 2-Butanone (also known as methyl ethyl ketone, MEK) was initially studied, but preliminary work showed that the organophilic clay poorly sorbed it and it was not studied further. A group of isothermal tests were performed to clarify specific sorption behaviors due to temperature effects, high pH, and concentration of the cations Na+ and Ca2+. The adsorption capacity of the organophilic clay decreased as follows: chlorobenzene > 2-chlorophenol > phenol > aniline. Desorption in high pH environments was seen for phenol and 2-chlorophenol. Changes in temperature, rise in the pH, or increases in Na+/Ca2+ concentrations had no effect on the adsorption of either aniline or chlorobenzene.Key words: organophilic clay, adsorption, hazardous wastes, solidification/stabilization, isotherm.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".