The influence of pH and temperature changes on the adsorption behavior of organophilic clays used in the stabilization/solidification of hazardous wastes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The effect of temperature, pH, and Na + /Ca 2+ concentration on the adsorptive behavior of organophilic clay used in the solidification/stabilization of hazardous wastes was addressed. The organophilic clay used was montmorillonite type clay modified by cation exchange with a mixed tallow amine as the sorbent. The contaminants used in this work were phenol, 2-chlorophenol, aniline, and chlorobenzene. 2-Butanone (also known as methyl ethyl ketone, MEK) was initially studied, but preliminary work showed that the organophilic clay poorly sorbed it and it was not studied further. A group of isothermal tests were performed to clarify specific sorption behaviors due to temperature effects, high pH, and concentration of the cations Na + and Ca 2+ . The adsorption capacity of the organophilic clay decreased as follows: chlorobenzene > 2-chlorophenol > phenol > aniline. Desorption in high pH environments was seen for phenol and 2-chlorophenol. Changes in temperature, rise in the pH, or increases in Na + /Ca 2+ concentrations had no effect on the adsorption of either aniline or chlorobenzene.Key words: organophilic clay, adsorption, hazardous wastes, solidification/stabilization, isotherm.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".