The foodborne link for community-acquired Clostridium difficile infections
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: There has been a dramatic increase in the incidence of community-acquired Clostridium difficile infections (CDI). Community-acquired CDI is defined as a clinical case of C. difficile whereby the infected person had not recently visited a clinical setting or taken antibiotics. It has been speculated that community-acquired CDI is contracted via zoonotic routes or the environment. However, it has also been proposed that C. difficile is a foodborne pathogen. Methods: The following provides supporting evidence for a foodborne link to community-acquired CDI. Ribotyping, PCR, and PFGE profiles of different C. difficile isolates derived from animal, environmental, and clinical cases, were typed. Also, gradient plates were used to study CD 078 and CD027 growth with several microclimatic factors, such as PH, temperature, NaCl, and bile salt.It was also found that C. difficile underwent germination, growth, and sporulation in meat juice medium(FJM). Further studies illustrated the C. difficile could undergo germination and sporulation in fish juice medium (FJM). Results: It was found that the same strains (CD 078) linked to community-acquired CDI could be matched with those recovered from pigs.The growth of C. difficile on agar plates was restricted to pH >8 with inhibition being observed at neutral or acidic conditions. Yet, C. difficile was found to proliferate on ground beef (pH 5.8). However, the initiation of germination can be measured spectrophotometrically by following the decrease in the absorbance at 600 nm. The results were shown that the germination rate of CD 078 in MJM was 0.067 OD/minute and in FJM was 0.15 OD/minutes. In addition, the germination rate of CD027 in fish juice media was 0.22OD/min, but, there is no effect for meat juice medium on the spore germination. However, the results were shown that the sporulation yield was so high for CD078 and CD 027 when they grew in meat and fish juice media. Conclusion: The collectively, the results confirm that C. difficile can proliferate on foods commonly linked to the pathogen. Given that C. difficile spores can survive the cooking process there is a strong possibility that susceptible groups can acquire the pathogen via foodborne transmission.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".