Complement, neuroinflammation and neuronal degeneration in Alzheimer disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
It is now established that the lesions of Alzheimer disease (AD) are characterized by the presence of a broad spectrum of inflammatory molecules. They include complement proteins and their regulators, inflammatory cytokines, acute phase reactants and numerous proteases and protease inhibitors [1,2]. Several of these inflammatory products are neurotoxic and may contribute in a major way to the progressive neuronal loss of AD. Probably the most dangerous to host tissue is the complement system. It can be activated in vitro by several molecules found in AD lesions, including β-amyloid protein and C-reactive protein. Activated complement fragments richly decorate AD lesions. The membrane-attack complex of the complement is observed attached to damaged neurites. Many activated microglia are also seen clustering around AD lesions. Like all phagocytes, activated microglia produce large amounts of free radicals, glutamate and other potentially neurotoxic compounds. This is a local rather than a systemic immune reaction, with the brain cells making the inflammatory components [2]. The hypothesis that chronic inflammation may be contributing to neuronal death in AD is supported by epidemiological studies indicating that patients taking anti-inflammatory drugs, particularly of the nonsteroidal type, have a substantially reduced risk of AD [3]. In a pilot, 6-month, double-blind clinical trial, indomethacin appeared to arrest the disease [4].
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".