Molecular phylogenetics of the Chytridiomycota supports the utility of ultrastructural data in chytrid systematics
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The chytrids (Chytridiomycota) are morphologically simple aquatic fungi that are unified by their possession of zoospores that typically have a single, posteriorly directed flagellum. This study addresses the systematics of the chytrids by generating a phylogeny of ribosomal DNA sequences coding for the small subunit gene of 54 chytrids, with emphasis on sampling the largest order, the Chytridiales. Selected chytrid sequences were also compared with sequences from Zygomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota to derive an overall fungal phylogeny. These analyses show that the Chytridiomycota is probably not a monophyletic group; the Blastocladiales cluster with the Zygomycota. Analyses did not resolve relationships among chytrid orders, or among clades within the Chytridiales, which suggests that the divergence times of these groups may be ancient. Four clades were well supported within the Chytridiales, and each of these clades was coincident with a group previously identified by possession of a common subtype of zoospore ultrastructure. In contrast, the analyses revealed homoplasy in several developmental and zoosporangial characters.Key words: zoospore ultrastructure, Chytridiales, molecular phylogeny, Chytridiomycota, operculum.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".