Temporal variation in body composition (C : N) helps explain seasonal patterns of zooplankton <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary 1. The stable carbon isotope ratio δ 13 C is a useful tracer of energy flow in lake food webs, and the zooplankton signature is commonly used to establish a baseline for the pelagic habitat. However, sources of temporal variability in the δ 13 C of different zooplankton taxa are rarely considered. 2. Here, we investigate to what extent temporal variation in the δ 13 C of particulate organic matter (POM) (<41 μ m) and the C : N of zooplankton can explain the temporal variability in δ 13 C of freshwater zooplankton. We compare temporal patterns of δ 13 C and C : N for Daphnia , Hesperodiaptomus franciscanus and Leptodiaptomus tyrelli over a 6‐month period at four sites in two oligotrophic lakes. 3. In all three taxa, seasonal variation in zooplankton C : N explained more of the variation in zooplankton δ 13 C than did the δ 13 C of POM. This suggests that variation in the lipid content of zooplankton can strongly influence temporal variation of δ 13 C in zooplankton. 4. Using these data, we evaluate procedures that estimate the δ 13 C of only the non‐lipid component of zooplankton. If zooplankton lipids are primarily dietary in origin, than extracting lipids or ‘normalising’ δ 13 C based on C : N will exclude a major dietary source, and therefore may be inappropriate. 5. We conclude that temporal variation in body composition (C : N) of zooplankton can significantly influence the temporal variation of zooplankton δ 13 C signatures.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it