Sperm Metabolism and Biochemical Characteristics in First-Time and Second-Time Spawners of Farmed Atlantic Cod
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We compared sperm biochemical characteristics of first-generation (F1) hatchery-reared broodstock of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua during the first and second spawnings to investigate potential improvements in sperm quality between the two spawning events. To gain further perspective on the sperm characteristics investigated, the values for farmed Atlantic cod were also compared with sperm characteristics of wild, experienced spawners that had been kept captive for 4 years. In particular, we investigated differences in the lactate dehydrogenase (glycolytic metabolism) and lipase (lipid catabolism) enzyme activities as well as sperm respiration rates and energy levels. Fertilization percentages for the F1 hatchery males at the first and second spawnings and for the wild broodstock were also obtained. The wild broodstock males were older and larger than the farmed males and produced sperm with higher energy levels, protein levels, and fertilization rates relative to the sperm of farmed naïve spawners. Our results showed no differences in characteristics between the first and second spawnings and seemed to contradict previous findings that demonstrated an improvement between first and second spawnings in captive wild Atlantic cod. Further investigations on sperm of hatchery-reared Atlantic cod broodstock (e.g., sperm motility; fertilization rates of the same males) are necessary to confirm the present findings.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".