Passive- and active-acoustic properties of a spawning Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) aggregation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Fudge, S. B., and Rose, G. A. 2009. Passive- and active-acoustic properties of a spawning Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) aggregation. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1259–1263. A spawning aggregation of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) was observed at depths of 40–50 m with passive- and active-acoustic sensors at the Bar Haven grounds in Placentia Bay, Newfoundland, in April 2003. A hydrophone was positioned on the seabed beneath the aggregation, while a 38-kHz split-beam echosounder was moored at the sea surface above it for 18.5 h. Ten grunts were recorded with peak frequencies ranging from 30 to 250 Hz and durations of nearly 300 ms. These grunts are similar to the sounds recorded in the presence of captive, spawning cod from the same substock. The echogram reveals that cod exhibit diel, vertical-migratory behaviour, densely aggregating near the seabed by day and forming columns that extend approximately halfway to the surface at night. This is the first study to demonstrate that cod produce sounds and form columns while migrating vertically during night-time spawning.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".