The use of β-cyclodextrins to enhance the aqueous solubility of trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene and their removal from soil organic matter: Effect of substituents
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper describes a systematic study for the evaluation of different substituted β-cyclodextrins (β-CDs), as agents for the enhancement of the aqueous solubility of two major organic pollutants, trichloroethylene (TCE) and perchloroethylene (PCE). The aqueous solubility enhancement occurs through the formation of hostguest inclusion complexes between the CD molecule (host) and the polychloroethylene (guest) and is driven primarily by hydrophobic forces. The CDs evaluated are: methyl-β-CD (Mβ-CD), hydroxypropyl-β-CD (HPβ-CD), carboxymethyl-β-CD (CMβ-CD1, CMβ-CD2), and sulfated-β-CD (Sβ-CD1, Sβ-CD2); the degree of substitution was also varied. Using a 5% (w/v) aqueous CD solution, solubility enhancement factors (St/So) up to 5.5 and 14 were determined for TCE and PCE, respectively. Binding constants (K11) for TCE with the substituted CDs were evaluated using an 1H NMR technique; these were found to range from 3 to 120 M1. It was shown that solubility enhancement, as well as the binding constant, is dependent on the type and degree of substitution of the β-CD molecule; the determining factors are discussed. The CDs are also capable of effective removal of PCE and TCE retained by soil organic matter. Thus, a suitably substituted β-CD may be a valuable additive in pump-and-treat protocols for site remediation of polychlorinated organics. Key words: Cyclodextrin, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, solubility enhancement, binding constant, soil and water remediation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".