Annotated catalogue of the bees described by Léon Provancher (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The bee species described and identified by Léon Provancher are reviewed. From 1882–1896, Provancher published accounts of 179 bee species from North America, which represent 145 currently recognised species. He proposed 67 new names, 21 of which are here considered valid; five species epithets proposed by Provancher were junior homonyms. The following are considered new junior synonyms of Provancher species:Andrena macrocephalaCockerell underAndrena nigripesProvancher;Pseudopanurgus nebrascensis(Crawford) underPseudopanurgus aestivalis(Provancher);Lasioglossum timberlakeiMcGinley underLasioglossum californicum(Provancher);Osmia kenoyeriCockerell underOsmia tarsataProvancher. Additional new synonymies made here include:Halictus distinguendusDalla Torre underLasioglossum coriaceum(Smith);Osmia parvaProvancher underOsmia atriventrisCresson;Stelis plena(Provancher) underStelis lateralisCresson;Coelioxys tristisProvancher underCoelioxys sodalisCresson;Diadasia tricinctaProvancher underEucera actuosa(Cresson). Lectotypes for 60 of Provancher's bee species are here designated, but type material for eight other species were not found. The taxonomic placement ofCalliopsis quadrilineataProvancher,Calliopsis interruptaProvancher,Hoplitis alboscopata(Provancher),Hoplitis imperfecta(Provancher), andDiadasia albovestitaProvancher within the bee fauna of North America remain unclear, and are here declarednomina oblita.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.007 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.053 | 0.014 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".