Single dose pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of butyryl glucosamine in the rat.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: To study pharmacokinetics of glucosamine following various routes of administration of the hydrochloride salt to rats and locate the site of its first-pass metabolism. METHODS: Rat were cannulated in the jugular vein and single intravenous, oral and intra peritoneal doses of 350 mg/kg were administered. Serial blood samples were collected and plasma glucosamine concentrations were determined using HPLC. RESULTS: After intravenous administration, the apparent terminal half-life (1.09 +/- 0.98 h), apparent steady state volume of distribution (2.1 +/- 1.1 L.kg(-1)) and total body clearance (2.61 +/- 0.81 L.kg(-1.h-1)) were calculated. The peak plasma concentration, after oral administration, occurred approximately 30 min post-dose and the absolute bioavailability was 0.19. Glucosamine was completely bioavailable after intraperitoneal administration. CONCLUSION: Orally administered glucosamine is rapidly absorbed, highly distributed and efficiently cleared. The gut rather than liver is mainly responsible for the first pass metabolism since reduced bioavailability is observed after oral but not intraperitoneal doses.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".