A comparison of nutrient export at two agricultural catchments: insight into the effect of increasing urban land cover in southern Ontario
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This study compared concentrations and export of total phosphorus (TP; including dissolved and particulate forms) and nitrogen (N) between quickflow and delayed flow at two adjacent agricultural catchments (Jennings and McLarens Creeks), one of which is undergoing increased urbanization. Annual runoff, frequency of quickflow events in the growing season (GS), and chloride (Cl−) concentrations and export were greater at the more urbanized Jennings Creek. There were only modest differences in TP and total dissolved P between the two catchments, with the largest difference occurring in the GS, when the urbanized Jennings Creek had higher TP concentrations and export. In contrast, the majority of N export was as dissolved inorganic nitrate‐N (NO3−–N), and NO3−–N concentrations and export were consistently greater at the more agricultural McLarens Creek. Particulate P was sensitive to increases in quickflow, with particulate P accounting for approximately 75% of TP export during GS events. In contrast, NO3−–N export was less influenced by hydrologic conditions than P and appears to be delivered to these streams primarily by subsurface flow, which resulted in greater NO3−–N export during delayed flow compared with events at both catchments. Overall, these results suggest that urban cover at Jennings Creek has impacted streamflow with more frequent quickflow events during the GS and substantially higher stream Cl−, although the influence of urban increases at the expense of agricultural land on P and N export was less clear. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".