<i>Leishmania infantum</i>Promastigotes Reduce Entry of HIV‐1 into Macrophages through a Lipophosphoglycan‐Mediated Disruption of Lipid Rafts
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is now recognized as an opportunistic disease in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). We report here that Leishmania infantum promastigotes enhance HIV-1 replication in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) at late time points in the virus growth curve but also that, surprisingly, a reduction in HIV-1 production is seen during the initial days after infection. This early effect is caused by a Leishmania-mediated inhibition of virus entry into MDMs through the action of lipophosphoglycan (LPG), the major promastigote surface glycolipid. The impact of LPG in the observed phenomenon was confirmed using LPG-defective lpg1-/- knockout mutant promastigotes. Our results suggest that the LPG-mediated effect results from the disruption of lipid rafts. Altogether, these findings suggest that the presence of Leishmania within the same cellular microenvironment leads to 2 opposite, time-dependent effects on HIV-1 replication. Leishmania and HIV-1 can thus establish complex interactions in their common natural host cells.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".