Mapping differentiation kinetics in the mouse retina reveals an extensive period of cell cycle protein expression in post‐mitotic newborn neurons
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Knowledge of gene expression kinetics around neuronal cell birth is required to dissect mechanisms underlying progenitor fate. Here, we timed cell cycle and neuronal protein silencing/induction during cell birth in the developing murine retina. RESULTS: The pan-cell cycle markers Pcna and Mcm6 were present in the post-mitotic ganglion cell layer. Although confined to the neuroblastic layer (NBL), 6-7% of Ki67(+) cells lacked six progenitor/cell cycle markers, and expressed neuronal markers. To define protein extinction/induction timing, we defined G2/M length throughout retinogenesis, which was typically 1-2 h, but <10% cells took double this time. BrdU-chase analyses revealed that at E12.5, Tubb3 (Tuj1) appeared at M-phase, followed by Calb2 and Dcx at ~2 h, Elavl2/3/4 at ~4 h, and Map2 at ~6 h after cell birth, and these times extended with embryonic age. Strikingly, Ki67 was not extinguished until up to a day after cell cycle exit, coinciding with exit from the NBL and induction of late markers such as Map1b/Uchl1/Rbfox3. CONCLUSIONS: A minor population of progenitors transits slowly through G2/M and, most importantly, some cell cycle proteins are retained for an unexpectedly long period in post-mitotic neurons. The high-resolution map of cell birth kinetics reported here provides a framework to better define mechanisms that regulate neurogenesis.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it