Differences of degrees: higher education in the American states and Canadian provinces
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract: Two interesting patterns emerge when the provision of higher education in the Canadian provinces is compared to that in the American states. First, the differences in higher education in Canada and the United States are not as stark as one would expect. Most notably, the role and level of public provision of higher education varies widely among American states and, in many states, is more significant both in terms of funding and enrolment than in the Canadian provinces. Second, where significant differences do emerge, they often run contrary to what might be expected based on the conventional wisdom regarding the differences between the two countries. The clearest difference is found in greater rates of participation and, by implication, higher levels of accessibility to university‐level education in the United States. These two patterns pose a significant challenge to arguments that the existence of a private tier of higher education is necessarily associated with an anemic public postsecondary education system or limited access to university education. Sommaire: Si l'on compare la manière dont l'enseignement supérieur est offert dans les provinces du Canada au mode de prestation de l'éducation équivalente par les États des Éitats‐Unis, on découvre deux éléments intéressants. Premièrement, 1'écart entre l'enseignement supérieur au Canada et celui aux États‐Unis n'est pas aussi marqué que le prétendent certains. Tout particulièrement, le rôle et le niveau de la prestation publique d'enseignement supérieur varient beaucoup d'un Êtat américain a l'autre; dans de nombreux Êtats, le niveau de financement et des inscriptions depasse celui des provinces canadiennes. Deuxièmement, 1à où l'on note effective‐ment des écarts importants, leur effet est souvent à 1'opposé de ce qu'on s'attendrait a trouver en fonction des différences connues entre les deux pays. En effet, la différence la plus évidente entre les deux pays correspond aux taux de participation plus élevé aux États‐Unis, et donc éventuellement à une meilleure accessibilitéà l'éducation universitaire dans ce pays. Ces deux constatations ne supportent l'argu‐ment selon lequel l'existence même de I'enseignement supérieur privé va nécessaire‐ment de pair avec un système d'enseignement postsecondaire public anémique ou avec un accès limitéà 1'éducation universitaire.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".