Ultimate Limit State of Deep-Corrugated Large-Span Box Culvert
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Limit state design requires independent assessment of both load and resistance. Although much is known about the live and dead loads that may act on box culverts, there is no known measurement of the resistance (or capacity) at the ultimate limit state. The objective of this study is to present results from a full-scale experiment conducted on a buried, deep-corrugated, large-span box culvert under controlled laboratory conditions—the first conducted to its ultimate limit state. The box culvert had a 2.4-m rise and 10-m span (7.9 × 32.8 ft) and was fabricated from steel plate 6 mm thick with corrugations 150 mm deep at a 400-mm pitch (0.24 × 6 × 16 in.). The box culvert was backfilled to a minimum cover depth of 0.45 m (1.5 ft) with densely compacted well-graded sand and gravel. Tandem-axle loading was then applied by an actuator until an ultimate limit state was attained. The ultimate limit state of the box culvert involved the formation of plastic hinges at the crown and shoulders at a total applied force of 1,100 kN (250 kips). The force required to reach the ultimate limit state was 1.8 times larger than the factored design tandem-axle load from the AASHTO bridge design specifications. Similarly, the factored resistance at the ultimate limit state was 1.7 times larger than the factored CL-625-ONT tandem-axle load from the Canadian highway bridge design code.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".