Working Class Culture, Family Life and Domestic Violence on Clydeside, c1918-1939: a View from Below
Bibliographic record
Abstract
People have no idea how the poor lived in those days. They seemed to be at loggerheads all the time.' 1 he inter-war years were distinguished by marked changes that affected the lives and neighbourhoods of many working class men and women. These changes would prove to have positive and negative implications for working-class family life. New employment opportunities extended the breadth of jobs open to working class people, especially in the new consumer industries that employed significant numbers of women. Correspondingly, the commercialisation of leisure expanded the possibilities of pleasure. Information on birth control and the greater ease of availability of contraceptives also offered a better potential to postpone marriage and reduce family size. Yet, the new employment opportunities did little to alter the 'pin money' wages of women and women's economic dependency on marriage. Marriage was still seen as an attractive alternative to employment in the longer term. 2 Marriage and motherhood were actively promoted as the natural and fulfilling aspirations for women by the state, state agencies, the clergy, religious organisations and the media. Adding to the appeal was the ideal of the 'companionate marriage' in which husbands were expected to share chores, child-care, leisure and provide love and companionship. It seems that this was a 'fairly normative' aspiration amongst many sectors of the working class between the wars, at least amongst women. Change, however, was not just ideological. 3 After World War I, the building of 'homes fit for heroes' and the growth of 'new garden cities', were linked with ideals of the companionate marriage, maternalism, privacy, respectable domesticity and the growth of male homecentred pastimes. This was to be a new way of life in which Scottish Tradition Vol. 27 2002
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".