Taxonomy of the Carex backii Complex (Section Phyllostachyae, Cyperaceae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract A combination of macro- and micromorphological, anatomical, and phytogeographical data supports the recognition of three species in the Carex backii complex (within sect. Phyllostachyae). Carex backii is widely distributed throughout temperate and boreal regions of North America and is easily recognized by its long, smooth surfaced perigynia (4.8–6.6 mm) with long beaks (1.9–2.9 mm). The leaves are dull green to yellow-green with green, crenate margins. Carex saximontana is confined to the Great Plains region of North America and is distinguished by its shorter, papillose perigynia (3.2–4.9 mm) with much shorter beaks (0.6–1.2 mm). In addition, the leaves are greenish-glaucous to dark herbage-green with distinctive hyaline margins. Carex cordillerana occurs from central British Columbia to central Utah and is described as a widespread new species. Carex cordillerana can be recognized by its dull green to yellow-green leaves with green margins that are densely covered in papillae. Perigynia are intermediate in size between C. saximontana and C. backii (3.9–5.4 mm), but have a unique epidermal cell morphology. Perigynium beaks are similar in length to those found in C. saximontana (0.5–1.6 mm). The North American Carex flora has proven to be a rich source of taxonomic novelties over the past 20 years. This is nowhere better exemplified than in Carex sect. Phyllostachyae. Communicating Editor: Jeff H. Rettig
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".