An Engineered Conductor for Gain and Efficiency Improvement of Miniaturized Microstrip Antennas
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper reviews the concept of an engineered conductor, introduced by the authors in order to reduce ohmic losses of miniaturized microstrip antennas [1-4]. Because of the miniaturization, the ohmic losses of microstrip antennas increase, which essentially significantly reduces their gain and efficiency. By the use of the engineered conductor concept, these two important parameters of such antennas can be improved without altering the antenna's geometry. The concept is based on using multiple laminated thin conductors, rather than one thick conducting layer, to form the microstrip antenna. The technique is applied to several miniaturized microstrip antennas in order to reduce their ohmic losses. The concept is explained using a microstrip line to demonstrate that the conductor loss can be reduced by increasing the number of layers in the lamination, while keeping the total thickness constant. Using conventional metallized substrates, the lamination reduces the thickness of each conductor layer to approximately or less than the skin depth in that conductor. Studies of two miniaturized antennas - namely, the square-ring antenna and the modified open-ring antenna - have respectively provided about 4.6 dB and 1.5 dB improvements in the gain, and from 30% to 40.7% improvement in the efficiency. Experimental investigations are also presented that confirmed the simulated results.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".