Marangoni Effects in Liquid Jets of Non-Ionic Surfactants
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The adsorption of nonionic surfactants in the CnE8 family at the air–water interface has been studied on the millisecond timescale in a free liquid jet. The amount of adsorbed surfactant was measured by ellipsometry. The rates of adsorption are compared with a diffusion-controlled adsorption model. In the case of C10E8, which is below its cmc, the monomer diffusion coefficient provides a good fit to the experimental data. For n = 12, 14, and 16, micelles control the mass transport. The best fit diffusion coefficients are close to, but not identical with, the literature values for the micellar diffusion coefficients. Laser Doppler velocimetry was used to measure the change in surface velocity arising from adsorption of the surfactant, for n = 12, 14, and 16. There was a qualitative correlation between the retardation of the surface velocity and the surface tension gradients.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".