Solvent Extraction of Sodium Permanganate by Mono-benzo 3m-Crown-m Ethers (m = 5, 6) into 1,2-Dichloroethane and Nitrobenzene: a Method which Analyzes the Extraction System with the
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Analytical equations were derived for the extraction of univalent metal salts (MA) by crown ethers (L) into polardiluents. Then, NaMnO4 was extracted at 25 ?C by benzo-15-crown-5 and -18-crown-6 ethers (B15C5 and B18C6)from a water (w)-phase into a 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE)-one. So, the extraction constants of Kex1 and Kex2 weredetermined, where Kex1 = [NaLMnO4]DCE/[Na+][L]DCE[MnO4?] and Kex2 = [NaL+]DCE[MnO4?]DCE/[Na+][L]DCE[MnO4?](= Kex1/KNaLMnO4DCE). From the calculation processes of these Kex values, KD,MnO4 and KMLADCE values with MLA =NaLMnO4 were obtained and also KNaLDCE values were estimated from the thermodynamic cycle of KMLDCE =Kex2/KD,MKD,A. Here, the KMLADCE, KD,A or KD,M, and KMLDCE values denote an ion-pair formation constant of MLA inthe DCE-phase, a distribution constant of A? or M+ between the w- and DCE-phases, and a complex formation oneof a complex ion ML+ in the DCE-phase, respectively. The same values were obtained for the w/nitrobenzene (NB)extraction systems. By comparing the KNaLorg and KD,NaL (= [NaL+]NB/[NaL+]: distribution constant into NB) valueswith those previously-reported by other methods, the validity of the equations was confirmed. Additionally,extraction-abilities of the extraction systems with DCE and NB were examined, using component equilibriumconstants reported before.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".