The rainbow trout skeletal muscle β-adrenergic system: characterization and signaling
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The presence and functionality of beta-adrenoceptors (beta-ARs) were examined in red (RM) and white muscle (WM) membranes isolated from the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Specific binding assays revealed the presence of a single class of binding sites with similar affinities in both muscle types (K(d) in nM: 0.14 +/- 0.03 and 0.18 +/- 0.03 for RM and WM, respectively) but with a significantly higher number of binding sites in RM compared with WM (B(max) in fmol/mg protein: 3.22 +/- 0.11 and 2.60 +/- 0.13, respectively). Selective and nonselective beta-adrenergic agonists (beta-AAs) and antagonists indicated an atypical beta-AR pharmacology. This result may represent a nonmammalian beta-AR classification or, more likely, the presence of more than one beta-AR subtype in trout muscles with similar affinities that could not be kinetically resolved. Adenylyl cyclase (ACase) assays showed a dose-dependent increase in cAMP production as concentrations of beta(2)-AAs increased in both muscle membranes with significantly higher basal cAMP production in RM compared with WM (cAMP production in pmol cAMP. mg protein(-1). 10 min(-1): 24.67 +/- 3.06 and 9.64 +/- 3.45, respectively). The agonist-induced increase in cAMP production was blocked by the beta-adrenergic antagonist propranolol, while the ACase activator forskolin increased cAMP production by 7- to 14-fold above basal and approximately 3-fold above all beta-AAs tested. This study demonstrated the presence of atypical beta(2)-ARs on RM and WM membranes of trout, suggesting that beta(2)-AAs may be a tool to enhance protein accretion through this signaling pathway.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".