Yolk hormone levels in the synchronously developing eggs of<i>Paroedura picta</i>, a gecko with genetic sex determination
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sex steroid hormones of presumably maternal origin have been found in yolk of many oviparous vertebrates. Their effects on behavioural or physiological traits are well documented in birds, but until now are largely unknown in reptiles. The investigations of yolk steroids in reptiles have been focused mainly on species with temperature-dependent sex determination, where steroid levels are suggested to determine the sex of progeny. Here we report initial oestradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) levels in the yolk of the Madagascar ground gecko, Paroedura picta (Peters, 1854), a species with genetic sex determination. The yolk concentration was 0.39 ± 0.02 ng/g (mean ± SE) in E2, whereas the concentration of T was much higher (1.48 ± 0.06 ng/g, mean ± SE). Geckos usually lay two exceptionally large eggs per clutch; vitellogenesis and ovulation of both eggs proceed in phase. Individual two-egg clutches differed considerably in E2 and T levels. A clutch mean of E2 levels varied from 0.22 to 0.53 ng/g, whereas T levels varied from a clutch mean of 1.02 to 1.99 ng/g. Both eggs in a clutch possessed very similar levels of E2 and T. Initial yolk steroid levels thus presumably reflect maternal conditions during egg formation rather than differential allocation of hormones according to offspring sex.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".