The Quantity and Quality of Environmental Disclosure in Annual Report of National Oil and Gas Companies in Middle East and North Africa
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The increased activities of oil companies around the world contributed to increasing environmental concern over the past few years. The international oil corporations have a significant role in shaping global politics and economics. Therefore, there has been a global trend to increase environmental awareness in the international companies, especially oil companies in order to better manage natural resources and reduce environmental pollution as a result of the exploitation of natural resources. Arab oil exporting countries are not immune from the global calls for the protection of the environment and especially that the Arab countries rich oil and gas resources. This study seeks to examine the quantity and quality of environmental disclosure in the oil companies in the Arab oil exporters. 174 annual reports of 58 national companies surveyed for the years 2008, 2009, and 2010. Content analysis was applied in this study in order to study the environmental disclosure, where the words count has been used to measure the amount of environmental disclosure in the annual reports whereas environmental disclosure index has been used to measure the quality of disclosure in the oil companies. Results of the study indicated to differences in environmental disclosure between the countries of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries, but overall, environmental disclosure in the Arab oil countries is still low compared with other oil companies in developed countries.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".