Cerebrovascular reactivity and dynamic autoregulation in tetraplegia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Humans with spinal cord injury have impaired cardiovascular function proportional to the level and completeness of the lesion. The effect on cerebrovascular function is unclear, especially for high-level lesions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the integrity of dynamic cerebral autoregulation (CA) and the cerebrovascular reactivity in chronic tetraplegia (Tetra). After baseline, steady-state hypercapnia (5% CO(2)) and hypocapnia (controlled hyperventilation) were used to assess cerebrovascular reactivity in 6 men with Tetra (C5-C7 lesion) and 14 men without [able-bodied (AB)]. Middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity (MCAv), cerebral oxygenation, arterial blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), cardiac output (Q; model flow), partial pressure of end-tidal CO(2) (Pet(CO(2))), and plasma catecholamines were measured. Dynamic CA was assessed by transfer function analysis of spontaneous fluctuations in BP and MCAv. MCAv pulsatility index (MCAv PI) was calculated as (MCAv(systolic) - MCAv(diastolic))/MCAv(mean) and standardized by dividing by mean arterial pressure (MAP). Resting BP, total peripheral resistance, and catecholamines were lower in Tetra (P < 0.05), and standardized MCAv PI was approximately 36% higher in Tetra (P = 0.003). Resting MCAv, cerebral oxygenation, HR, and Pet(CO(2)) were similar between groups (P > 0.05). Although phase and transfer function gain relationships in dynamic CA were maintained with Tetra (P > 0.05), coherence in the very low-frequency range (0.02-0.07 Hz) was approximately 21% lower in Tetra (P = 0.006). Full (hypo- and hypercapnic) cerebrovascular reactivity to CO(2) was unchanged with Tetra (P > 0.05). During hypercapnia, standardized MCAv PI reactivity was enhanced by approximately 78% in Tetra (P = 0.016). Despite impaired cardiovascular function, chronic Tetra involves subtle changes in dynamic CA and cerebrovascular reactivity to CO(2). Changes are evident in coherence at baseline and MCAv PI during baseline and hypercapnic states in chronic Tetra, which may be indicative of cerebrovascular adaptation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".