Nucleophilic substitution sulfonation in emulsions: Formation of sodium benzyl sulfonate
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Benzyl bromide was sulfonated at 298 K in emulsions formed with dioctyldimethylammonium bromide, or chloride. If mixing was sufficient, the emulsion was maintained throughout the reaction period. Lower conversions were obtained whenever benzyl bromide phase separated from the mixture. Chloride as surfactant counterion gave higher reaction rate, but decreased the conversion to C 7 H 7 SO 3 − Na + due to formation of benzyl chloride. The conversion to C 7 H 7 SO 3 − Na + displayed a broad maximum as R 2 (Me) 2 − N + Br concentration increased. Except at low concentration, the reaction rate increased with the concentration of Na 2 SO 3 in accord with the S N 2 mechanism. The reaction rate increased with the reactant concentrations until interface saturation was achieved, suggesting that product formation did not interfere with the access of the reactants to the interface.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".