Milk composition, milk consumption, and growth rate of a captive spotted seal (<i>Phoca largha</i>) pup from Liaodong Bay, China
Bibliographic record
Abstract
As lactation is commonly very brief in phocid seals, the transfer of sufficient energy between mother and offspring is critical for their reproductive success. In this study, we investigated variation in the pattern of energy transfer and allocation during lactation in the spotted seal (Phoca largha Pallas, 1811). Temporal changes in milk composition, milk consumption, and pup mass gain were analyzed from birth to weaning in a spotted seal pup that was hand-reared on a donor-female’s milk. In addition, growth rates were measured in six pups raised in captivity but nursed naturally. We found that milk fat content increased and water content decreased during lactation. We calculated that spotted seal pup ingest a mean (±SD) daily energy of 39.5 ± 8.6 MJ/day, which corresponded to a daily mass gain of 0.9 kg/day. We found that the growth rates of the hand-reared pup and the six naturally reared pups did not differ, and overall, the mean (±SD) daily growth rate of spotted seal pups was 1.1 ± 0.2 kg/day before weaning and 0.6 ± 0.2 kg/day from birth to molt. Our study provides the first data on lactation patterns in this species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".