Characterization of the Facial Expression of Emotions in Schizophrenia Patients: Preliminary Findings with a New Electromyography Method
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective: We investigated facial expression of emotions (FEE) in schizophrenia patients, using an improved and highly selective facial electromyography (EMG) method, and we examined the correlation between FEE and psychopathology. Method: We compared unmedicated patients with schizophrenia ( n = 32) with healthy subjects ( n = 21) with regard to the activity of 3 joy-relevant facial muscles (the M.zygomaticus, the M.orbicularis oculi, and the M.levator labii). Emotions were induced by pictures from the International Affective Picture System. We measured previsible muscle activity with a new, highly selective facial EMG. We used the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale to evaluate psychopathology. Results: Patients with schizophrenia showed fewer joy or smile reactions than did control subjects and displayed decreased activity of the M.orbicularis oculi and M.zygomaticus under presentation of positive pictures. Reduced activity of these muscles can be caused by depression. Increased activity of the M.levator labii correlates with positive symptoms. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that psychopathological syndromes correlate with schizophrenic mimic disturbances. These results can be used to compare various antipsychotics with regard to their influence on mimic disturbances. Objectif: Nous avons étudié l'expression émotionnelle du visage (EEV) chez des patients souffrant de schizophrénie, à l'aide d'une technique d'électromyographie (EMG) faciale améliorée et très sélective, et nous avons examiné la corrélation entre l'EEV et la psychopathologie. Méthode: Nous avons comparé des patients non médicamentés souffrant de schizophrénie ( n = 32) avec des sujets en santé ( n = 21) en ce qui concerne l'activité de 3 muscles faciaux liés à la joie (le muscle grand zygomatique, le muscle orbiculaire et le muscle releveur de la lèvre). Les émotions ont été provoquées par des images du système international d'images affectives (IAPS). Nous avons mesuré l'activité musculaire prévisible au moyen d'une nouvelle EMG faciale très sélective. Nous avons utilisé l'échelle de syndrome positif et négatif (PANSS) pour évaluer la psychopathologie. Résultats: Les patients souffrant de schizophrénie ont eu moins de réactions joyeuses ou souriantes que les sujets témoins et ont démontré une activité moindre du muscle orbiculaire et du muscle grand zygomatique devant les images positives présentées. L'activité réduite de ces muscles peut être causée par la dépression. L'activité accrue du muscle releveur de la lèvre est en corrélation avec les symptômes positifs. Conclusions: Nos observations indiquent que les syndromes psychopathologiques sont en corrélation avec les anomalies mimiques schizophrènes. Ces résultats peuvent servir à comparer divers antipsychotiques relativement à leur influence sur les anomalies mimiques.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".