Investigating TCP Performance Issues in Satellite Networks
Bibliographic record
Abstract
TCP is the widely used transport protocol across the Internet but it was originally designed for wired networks. In satellite networks, TCP encounters serious problems due to the physical properties of the wireless medium. The high delays in GEO networks and high variability of delay in LEO systems are the most significant factors affecting TCP performance. This paper identifies and illustrates TCP performance issues in satellite links by making a detailed comparison between these two common satellite altitudes. In low altitude satellite constellations, the propagation and switching delays are highly variable because of routing changes and handovers. Previous work on variable delay has focused explicitly on the retransmit timer. This paper makes a flow based analysis of abrupt delay changes to better understand TCP performance in LEO systems. Simulations are performed with the NS 2 satellite extension using the iridium constellation. It is observed that TCP performs better in LEO than in GEO systems because of its lower latency. It is also shown that large receiver buffers and intermediate buffers can alleviate the effect of abrupt delay changes in satellite networks.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.012 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".