Aminophylline increases ventilation and abdominal muscle contractility in awake canines
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aminophylline (Amino) is still used in treatment of COPD. However, effects of Amino on ventilation and respiratory muscles are uncertain. Utilizing implants in awake canines, we examined the effects of Amino on costal diaphragm (Jagers et al. Resp Phys, 2009). Here we study the effect of Amino on abdominal muscles of expiration, by measurement of the transversus abdominis (TA). Sonomicrometry transducers and EMG electrodes were implanted in the left TA. After recovery, the animals were studied awake, breathing through a mask. Airflow, ETCO2, heart rate, muscle length, and moving average EMG were recorded during room air, and CO2 stimulation, before and after Amino. Output included breath-by-breath breathing pattern, muscle shortening, peak EMG, PaCO2 and heart rate. Results are shown at room air and 3 levels of CO2. For N= 6 dogs (mean wgt 29.8 kg) studied after 25 days, minute ventilation, tidal volume, and respiratory frequency increased significantly with Amino, during resting breathing and all levels of CO2. Mean aminophylline was 72 umol/L (therapeutic range 55-110 umol/L). TA shortening increased significantly with Amino while TA EMG activity remained unchanged, consistent with increased contractility of the TA with Amino. ![Figure][1] In awake, intact, canines, after Amino, TA contractility is increased, as shown by greater muscle shortening per EMG. This enhanced action of expiratory muscles occurs at therapeutic levels of Amino. [1]: pending:yes
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".