Bibliographic record
Abstract
It appears that the most important advancement in recent years for the prevention of invasive pneumococcal infections in adults has been the implementation of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) for routine immunization of children. The Active Bacterial Core surveillance (ABCs) of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention observed statistically significant decreases in the incidence of invasive pneumococcal infections in adults as well as children in the United States in 2000 and 2001 after the introduction of PCV7 for children, compared with 1998 and 1999, suggesting an indirect benefit for adults [1]. The decrease was greatest for persons aged ⩾65 years. Similar decreases were observed in the Northern California Kaiser Permanente surveillance study [2]. The use of PCV7 in children, however, is probably not the sole cause of decreasing rates of invasive infection in adults. For example, the ABCs observed significant decrease in infections caused by both PCV7 serotypes and non-PCV7 serotypes in 20–39-year-old persons, suggesting a temporal change unrelated to receipt of the vaccine [1]. In addition, earlier decreases in the rate of infection in the elderly population were associated with use of the 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine, and because the prevalence of individuals vaccinated with the 23-valent vaccine continues to gradually increase, further decreases attributable to this vaccine should be expected [3–6]. However, it is reasonable to conclude that PCV7 has a significant indirect benefit in adults.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.012 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".